Do most EVs make the Vancouver to Whistler round trip in winter?

In January (about 1 °C on average along the route), 53 of 53 EVs in our catalogue make it: 53 comfortably and 0 with a tight margin. In a −20 °C cold snap the count is 53 of 53. These are estimates from official range, ECCC climate normals and the NRCan/AFDC charger list, not road tests.

What is the longest gap between fast chargers from Vancouver to Whistler?

It depends on the plug. For CCS1 cars with Supercharger access, the longest stretch without a compatible DC fast charger is 58 km (Squamish → Whistler). For Teslas it is 58 km (Squamish → Whistler), for other NACS-port cars 58 km (Squamish → Whistler), and for CCS1 cars without Supercharger access 58 km (Squamish → Whistler).

How many charging stops does a Tesla Model Y RWD need from Vancouver to Whistler in January?

None in our estimate. About 376 km of January highway range covers the 243 km round trip with a 10% reserve (comfortable).

Are there backup chargers along the Vancouver to Whistler route?

NRCan/AFDC lists 50 public DC fast-charging sites at 5 charging hubs within 5 km of the route, 3 of them with limited hours or customers-only access. The data cannot say which chargers are working today, so check PlugShare or the network app before you leave.

Road trips

Vancouver to Whistler EV round trip: charging stops and winter range

In January, 53 of 53 EVs make the 243 km round trip without charging at the destination; 53 need one stop or fewer.

round trip: 243 km
make it in January: 53 of 53
make it at −20 °C: 53 of 53
January average: 1 °C
fast-charging hubs: 5

The Sea-to-Sky Highway climbs about 650 m from Howe Sound through Squamish to Whistler Village. The return trip is mostly downhill, which helps, but we still check the full round trip as if the hotel or condo has no charger.

I'm driving Vancouver ⇄ Whistler in Month or cold snap.

243 km round trip, no charging at the destination · about 1 °C along the road in January · 5 fast-charging hubs along it

Which EVs make it

53 of 53 comfortably, 0 tight, 0 not recommended.

Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD

539 km official range · NACS port · Superchargers: yes · Heat pump: yes

Range in January: 438 km; at 1 °C, highway, full battery
Longest stretch: 58 km; Whistler to Squamish
Charging stops: None; Direct drive
Time: 4:00; Drive 4:00 + charging 0:00 = 4:00
Charging cost: $0; Estimate · public DC only, not the charge at home

Comfortable. Every stretch between charges leaves about 20% or more of the usable range spare.

The road, stretch by stretch

Comfortable stretchTight stretchLonger than this car can safely goFast charger that fits (10)Charger with another plug or no access (0)

No charging stop needed: you arrive in Vancouver with about 44%.

The same trip in other months

Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD specs and price

Every EV on Vancouver to Whistler: July, January and −20 °C

Ranked by the January result. Temperatures are ECCC 1991–2020 monthly means averaged over Vancouver International (Airport), BC, Squamish, BC, Pemberton, BC; the cold-snap column uses a flat −20 °C. Round trips assume no charging at the destination.

EV	Plug	July	January	−20 °C
Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
BMW i4 eDrive40	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Tesla Cybertruck AWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Polestar 3 Dual Motor	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Polestar 4 Long Range Single Motor	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Chevrolet Equinox EV LT FWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Cadillac Optiq Luxury RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Hyundai IONIQ 6 Preferred RWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
GMC Hummer EV Pickup 2X	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Hyundai IONIQ 5 Preferred Long Range	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Nissan LEAF S+	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Chevrolet Blazer EV LT AWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Toyota C-HR SE FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Ford F-150 Lightning Pro 4x4 SuperCrew	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Ford Mustang Mach-E Select	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Volvo EX90 Twin Plus Performance (7-seat)	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Lexus ES 350e Signature	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Tesla Model 3 Premium RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Tesla Model Y RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Lexus RZ 350e Signature	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Audi Q4 e-tron 45 RWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Chevrolet Silverado EV LT (Standard Range)	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Chevrolet Silverado EV Work Truck (Standard Range)	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
GMC Sierra EV Elevation	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Toyota bZ Woodland AWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV6 Land AWD GT-Line	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Honda Prologue EX-L AWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor Plus	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Subaru Trailseeker Touring	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Hyundai Kona Electric Preferred	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed
Polestar 2 Single Motor	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Rivian R1T Dual Motor	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Volvo EX30 Core	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Volvo EC40 Twin Core	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Volvo EX40 Core Twin Motor	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
VinFast VF 8 Eco	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Chevrolet Bolt LT	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia Niro EV Wind	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Genesis GV60 Advanced AWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Subaru Uncharted FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Toyota bZ XLE FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV4 Light FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV6 Light RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Subaru Solterra Convenience	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV9 Light RWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV3 Light FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Nissan LEAF S	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Nissan Ariya SV FWD	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop
Kia EV5 Light FWD	NACS	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable1 stop
MINI Countryman SE ALL4 Elementary	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable1 stop
Volkswagen ID.4 RWD 62 kWh	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable1 stop
MINI Cooper SE Classic	CCS1	ComfortableNo stop needed	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable1 stop
Fiat 500e Base	CCS1	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable1 stop	Comfortable3 stops

Longest gaps between compatible fast chargers

Which chargers count depends on the plug and on Supercharger access, so the same road has four different gap maps. The three longest stretches for each group:

Rank	Tesla	NACS-port (non-Tesla)	CCS1 with Supercharger access	CCS1, no Supercharger access
1	58 kmSquamish → Whistler	58 kmSquamish → Whistler	58 kmSquamish → Whistler	58 kmSquamish → Whistler
2	42 kmWest Vancouver → Squamish	42 kmWest Vancouver → Squamish	42 kmWest Vancouver → Squamish	42 kmWest Vancouver → Squamish
3	14 kmNorth Vancouver → West Vancouver	14 kmNorth Vancouver → West Vancouver	14 kmNorth Vancouver → West Vancouver	14 kmNorth Vancouver → West Vancouver

Round trip without charging at the destination

Weekend trips to Whistler often end at a cottage, condo or hotel with no fast charger, so we plan the drive up and back as one 243 km trip. The critical stretch is from the last compatible fast charger on the way up, to Whistler, and back to that same charger. In January, 48 of 53 EVs can do the whole round trip without charging at all.

Every plug type: there is a compatible charger in Whistler (km 122), right at the destination. If it is busy or down, the previous one is Squamish at km 63, which makes the stretch to Whistler and back 117 km.

Fast chargers on Vancouver to Whistler

50 public DC fast-charging sites at 5 charging hubs within 5 km of the route, from the NRCan/AFDC station list (snapshot Oct 16, 2026). Pricing is shown as the network reports it. A listing is not a guarantee the charger works today.

Site	km	Network	Plugs	DC ports	Max kW	Last confirmed	Pricing
Vancouver, BC · km 0 · 67 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
BC Hydro - Vancouver - Downtown - Homer St561 Homer Street	0	BC Hydro	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
Vancouver, BC - Pacific Centre - Tesla Supercharger701 W Georgia StreetTeslas only	0	Tesla	NACS	22	75	Jun 18, 2026	—
THE POST P1 STALL 28658 Homer Street	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
THE POST P1 STALL 29658 Homer Street	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
THE POST P5 STALL 127 L3658 Homer Street	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
THE POST P5 STALL 128 L3658 Homer St	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
THE POST P5 STALL 77 L3658 Homer Street	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
THE POST P5 STALL 110 L3658 Homer Street	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
MERCEDES VANC CPE 250 EV2550 Terminal AveLimited hours / customers only	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
MERCEDES VANC CPE 250 EV1550 Terminal AveLimited hours / customers only	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
MERCEDES VANC CPE 250 EV3550 Terminal AveLimited hours / customers only	0	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
City of Vancouver600 National Ave	0	Independent	CCS1	2	50	Mar 7, 2025	—
CAG- VAN PWR LNK530 Evans Avenue	0	ChargePoint	CCS1	2	183	Oct 16, 2026	—
C01213 Vancouver1785 Main St	0	Shell Recharge	CCS1, NACS	2	180 / 180	Oct 16, 2026	—
VCH - GF Strong - DCFC4255 Laurel St	0	FLO	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
VCH - Vancouver General Hospital - DCFC899 W 12th Ave	0	FLO	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
City of Vancouver455 W 10th Ave	0	Independent	CCS1	2	50	Mar 7, 2025	—
Vancouver, BC - Seymour St - Tesla Supercharger898 Seymour StreetOpen to other EVs	0	Tesla	NACS	12	250	Jun 18, 2026	—
PETRO-CANADA B 91340 - 11743 Burrard Street	0	Petro-Canada	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	350 / 75	Oct 16, 2026	—
Vancouver, BC - Burrard St - Tesla Supercharger200 Burrard StreetTeslas only	1	Tesla	NACS	8	75	Jun 18, 2026	—
PARK PLACE PARK PLACE DC 1666 Burrard St	1	ChargePoint	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	62 / 62.5	Oct 16, 2026	—
C01310 - Vancouver1896 HASTINGS ST E	1	Shell Recharge	CCS1, NACS	2	180 / 180	Oct 16, 2026	—
North Vancouver, BC · km 7 · 57 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
City of North Vancouver City Hall141 West 14th Street	7	FLO	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
North Vancouver, BC - Lonsdale Ave - Tesla Supercharger2032 Lonsdale AvenueTeslas only	7	Tesla	NACS	12	250	Jun 18, 2026	—
BC Hydro - North Vancouver - Lower Lonsdale140 1st St. E	7	BC Hydro	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
VCH - Lions Gate Hospital - DCFC231 15th St E	7	FLO	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	50 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
SWTCH Energy Inc.1348 Marine Dr	7	Swtch	CCS1	2	25	Jul 11, 2024	Free
SWTCH Energy Inc.1308 Lonsdale Ave	7	Swtch	CCS1	8	24	Jun 13, 2024	$0.44 per kWh
North Vancouver, BC - Marine Dr - Tesla Supercharger801 Marine DriveOpen to other EVs	7	Tesla	NACS	20	250	Jun 18, 2026	—
Park Shore BMW835 Automall DrRestricted access	7	Chaevi	CCS1	2	88	Oct 16, 2026	—
BC Hydro - North Vancouver City - Westview Shopping Centre2601 Westview Dr	7	BC Hydro	CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO	6	180 / 180 / 180	Oct 16, 2026	—
C01217 - West Vancouver1305 MARINE DR	7	Shell Recharge	CCS1, NACS	2	180 / 180	Oct 16, 2026	—
West Vancouver, BC · km 21 · 2 DC ports · CCS1, CHAdeMO
BC Hydro - West Vancouver - Horseshoe Bay6400 Bruce Street	21	BC Hydro	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	100 / 100	Oct 16, 2026	—
Squamish, BC · km 63 · 56 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
BC Hydro - Squamish - Municipal Hall37955 2 Ave	63	BC Hydro	CCS1, CHAdeMO	1	25 / 25	Oct 16, 2026	—
Beckett38115 Laurelwood Road	63	FLO	CCS1	2	160	Oct 16, 2026	—
Swtch Energy38255 Cleveland Ave	64	Swtch	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	50 / 50	Mar 4, 2022	$15 per hour
SWTCH Energy Inc.38243 Bailey St	64	Swtch	CCS1	2	50	Feb 12, 2024	$16.2 per hr
Squamish Liquor Store38241 Cleveland Ave	64	Swtch	CCS1, CHAdeMO	2	50 / 50	Jun 12, 2023	$15 per hour
Squamish MB.HPC1200 Hunter Pl	64	Mercedes Benz	CCS1, NACS	6	400 / 400	Oct 16, 2026	—
Squamish, BC - Commercial Way - Tesla Supercharger1257 Commercial WayOpen to other EVs	66	Tesla	NACS	12	250	Jun 18, 2026	—
Brennan Park - Public Chargers Lv 31009 Centennial Way	67	FLO	CCS1	3	100	Oct 16, 2026	—
Squamish, BC - Tesla Supercharger40167 Glenalder PlTeslas only	68	Tesla	NACS	10	150	Jun 18, 2026	—
Garibaldi Village (Squamish, BC)40270 Glenalder Place	68	Electrify Canada	CCS1, CHAdeMO	4	350 / 50	Oct 16, 2026	—
Greg Gardner Motors40321 Government Rd	68	Swtch	CCS1	4	120	Aug 10, 2023	—
Swtch Energy40310 Government Rd	68	Swtch	CCS1	4	120	Aug 10, 2023	Free
7Charge - Squamish 328451901 Garibaldi Way	68	7charge	CCS1, CHAdeMO	4	180 / 100	Feb 13, 2026	Please download 7Charge app for current pricing.
Whistler, BC · km 122 · 28 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
BC Hydro - Whistler Conference Center4010 Whistler Way	122	BC Hydro	CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO	4	180 / 180 / 120	Oct 16, 2026	—
Whistler, BC - Tesla Supercharger4599 Chateau BoulevardTeslas only	122	Tesla	NACS	10	75	Jun 18, 2026	—
Whistler, BC - Lorimer Rd - Tesla Supercharger4370 Lorimer RdOpen to other EVs	122	Tesla	NACS	12	325	Jun 18, 2026	—
Florence Petersen Park4325 Main St	122	Swtch	CCS1	2	100	Sep 12, 2025	$0.35 per kWh

Questions

Do most EVs make the Vancouver to Whistler round trip in winter?: In January (about 1 °C on average along the route), 53 of 53 EVs in our catalogue make it: 53 comfortably and 0 with a tight margin. In a −20 °C cold snap the count is 53 of 53. These are estimates from official range, ECCC climate normals and the NRCan/AFDC charger list, not road tests.
What is the longest gap between fast chargers from Vancouver to Whistler?: It depends on the plug. For CCS1 cars with Supercharger access, the longest stretch without a compatible DC fast charger is 58 km (Squamish → Whistler). For Teslas it is 58 km (Squamish → Whistler), for other NACS-port cars 58 km (Squamish → Whistler), and for CCS1 cars without Supercharger access 58 km (Squamish → Whistler).
How many charging stops does a Tesla Model Y RWD need from Vancouver to Whistler in January?: None in our estimate. About 376 km of January highway range covers the 243 km round trip with a 10% reserve (comfortable).
Are there backup chargers along the Vancouver to Whistler route?: NRCan/AFDC lists 50 public DC fast-charging sites at 5 charging hubs within 5 km of the route, 3 of them with limited hours or customers-only access. The data cannot say which chargers are working today, so check PlugShare or the network app before you leave.

More routes and winter guides

How the estimate works

What we model

Highway range = official NRCan range × 0.90 (steady 100–110 km/h) × the share of range kept at that temperature: 56% at −30 °C, 66% at −20 °C, 76% at −10 °C, 86% at 0 °C, 95% at 10 °C, 100% at 20 °C. Cars with a confirmed heat pump lose a quarter less (for example 75% instead of 66% at −20 °C). An unknown heat pump counts as none.
Temperature is the 1991–2020 ECCC daily mean for the month, averaged over 2–4 weather stations along the road. Cold snaps use a flat −20 °C or −30 °C.
You leave full and keep a 10% reserve, so the first leg can use 90% of range. Each later leg runs from 10% to 80% (70%). A trip is comfortable when every stretch uses at most 80% of that, tight when it works with less margin.
A charger fits when it has your car's plug and access: CCS1 sites need a CCS1 car or a carried adapter, Tesla Superchargers need a Tesla or a car with Supercharger access, "Teslas only" sites count only for Teslas. Restricted and limited-hours sites are never planned.
Stops are the fewest that work, counting the drive off the highway and back. Each stop gets the nearest other compatible hub that is reachable from the previous stop and still reaches the next one.
Charging cost uses the network's price from our public-charging table, plus 8% charging loss. Networks not in that table use a typical $0.45–$0.65/kWh. It leaves out the charge at home before you leave.

Not modelled

Wind, hills and mountain passes, snow on the road, winter tires, speeds above 110 km/h, passes that are colder than the route average, and chargers that are broken or busy. Charge times assume you navigate to the charger so the battery is preconditioned; without it, winter charging is much slower.

EV North estimates (no published source)

The temperature table, the heat-pump factor and the 0.90 highway factor. No highway winter test with a stated temperature and baseline was available to calibrate them.
Average DC power = min(90 % of charger kW, 55 % of the car's peak kW)
Unknown charger power assumed 50 kW; unknown car peak assumed 150 kW
Cold-charging slowdown ×1.10 at 0 °C, ×1.25 at −10 °C, ×1.40 at −20 °C, ×1.60 at −30 °C (with preconditioning)

Sources behind the model

CAA - Winter EV Test Drive (14 vehicles, Canadian conditions) (checked Oct 2026)
ECCC Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020 (checked Oct 2026)
AAA (2019): 41 % range loss at −6.7 °C with cabin heat, combined city/highway dynamometer test (checked Oct 2026)
Recurrent 2025/26 winter study: 78 % of ideal range at 0 °C, 70 % at −7 °C; heat pumps add about 10 % at 0 °C (checked Oct 2026)
Geotab fleet data: EVs can lose up to 50 % of range at −20 °C (checked Oct 2026)
NAF/Motor El Prix winter test, Jan 2026 (via FIA): 24 EVs, down to −32 °C, average 38 % below WLTP (checked Oct 2026)
NLR / AFDC Alternative Fuel Stations API (Canada data from NRCan) (checked Oct 2026)
Tesla - Supercharging other EVs (North America) (checked Oct 2026)
Tesla Canada Supercharger fee pages, DriveTeslaCanada network reporting, Ivy/Electrify Canada/Petro-Canada pricing pages (checked Jul 2026)

Data sources

Fast chargers: NLR / AFDC Alternative Fuel Stations API (Canada data from NRCan), public DC fast sites within 5 km of each route. Snapshot Oct 16, 2026. It lists stations; it cannot say which are working today.
Temperatures: ECCC Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020, checked Oct 16, 2026.
Charging prices: Tesla Canada Supercharger fee pages, DriveTeslaCanada network reporting, Ivy/Electrify Canada/Petro-Canada pricing pages, checked Jul 30, 2026. Vehicle range, battery and plug data come from each car's page in our catalogue.