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Road trips

Toronto to Sudbury EV charging stops and winter range

In January, 50 of 53 EVs make the 396 km drive; 44 need one stop or fewer.

distance
396 km
make it in January
50 of 53
make it at −20 °C
42 of 53
January average
−9 °C
fast-charging hubs
20

Highway 400 carries cottage traffic north to Parry Sound, where it becomes Highway 69 through the Canadian Shield to Sudbury. Chargers thin out north of Parry Sound, and temperatures drop quickly as you leave the GTA.

I'm driving Toronto → Sudbury in .

396 km · about −9 °C along the road in January · 20 fast-charging hubs along it

Which EVs make it

35 of 53 comfortably, 15 tight, 3 not recommended.

Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD

539 km official range · NACS port · Superchargers: yes · Heat pump: yes

Range in January
401 km
at −9 °C, highway, full battery
Longest stretch
161 km
Parry Sound to Sudbury
Charging stops
1
Fewest stops that work
Time
5:25
Drive 5:20 + charging 0:05 = 5:25
Charging cost
$5–$8
Estimate · public DC only, not the charge at home

Comfortable. Every stretch between charges leaves about 20% or more of the usable range spare.

The road, stretch by stretch

38 km55 km161 kmLongest gap 161 kmParry Sound1Toronto · km 0Sudbury · km 396
Comfortable stretchTight stretchLonger than this car can safely goFast charger that fits (20)Charger with another plug or no access (0)

Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD, Toronto to Sudbury: Comfortable, 1 stop. Longest stretch without a compatible fast charger: 161 km, Parry Sound to Sudbury. 20 compatible fast-charging hubs on the way.

  • km 228 to 389: 161 km, comfortable
  • km 157 to 213: 55 km, comfortable
  • km 96 to 134: 38 km, comfortable
  • km 41 to 72: 31 km, comfortable
  • km 134 to 157: 24 km, comfortable

Your stops

NRCan/AFDC data lists stations; it cannot tell us which are broken today. Each backup is a fallback, not an uptime guarantee. Check PlugShare or the network app before you leave.

  1. Stop 1: Parry Sound, ON · Tesla · 325 kW

    km 228 · arrive 42%, leave 52% · about 4 min · $5–$8

    Backup: Seguin (Lakeland Ev, 3 DC ports, confirmed Sep 12, 2025), km 213.

    • Not confirmed in the last 12 months
    • Adapter needed

  2. Sudbury

    km 396 · arrive with about 10%

The same trip in other months

Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWD specs and price

Every EV on Toronto to Sudbury: July, January and −20 °C

Ranked by the January result. Temperatures are ECCC 1991–2020 monthly means averaged over Toronto Pearson (Airport), ON, Muskoka, ON, Sudbury, ON; the cold-snap column uses a flat −20 °C.

EVPlugJulyJanuary−20 °C
Hyundai IONIQ 9 Essential RWDNACSComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Polestar 4 Long Range Single MotorCCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Hyundai IONIQ 6 Preferred RWDCCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Hyundai IONIQ 5 Preferred Long RangeNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Tesla Model 3 Premium RWDNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Tesla Model Y RWDNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Kia EV6 Land AWD GT-LineNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Polestar 3 Dual MotorCCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
BMW i4 eDrive40CCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Nissan LEAF S+NACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Chevrolet Blazer EV LT AWDCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Volvo EX90 Twin Plus Performance (7-seat)CCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Chevrolet Equinox EV LT FWDCCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Cadillac Optiq Luxury RWDNACSComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Toyota C-HR SE FWDNACSComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Ford Mustang Mach-E SelectCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Lexus ES 350e SignatureNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Lexus RZ 350e SignatureNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Audi Q4 e-tron 45 RWDCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Tesla Cybertruck AWDNACSComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Toyota bZ Woodland AWDNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Subaru Trailseeker TouringNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Volvo EX30 CoreCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight2 stops
Honda Prologue EX-L AWDCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Polestar 2 Long Range Dual Motor PlusCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Polestar 2 Single MotorCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight2 stops
Ford F-150 Lightning Pro 4x4 SuperCrewCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Hyundai Kona Electric PreferredCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Volvo EC40 Twin CoreCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight2 stops
Volvo EX40 Core Twin MotorCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight2 stops
Chevrolet Silverado EV LT (Standard Range)CCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Chevrolet Silverado EV Work Truck (Standard Range)CCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
Rivian R1T Dual MotorNACSComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
GMC Sierra EV ElevationCCS1Comfortable1 stopComfortable1 stopTight1 stop
GMC Hummer EV Pickup 2XCCS1ComfortableNo stop neededComfortable1 stopComfortable1 stop
Kia EV6 Light RWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopNot recommended—
Toyota bZ XLE FWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight2 stops
Genesis GV60 Advanced AWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight3 stops
Chevrolet Bolt LTNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight2 stops
Subaru Uncharted FWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight3 stops
VinFast VF 8 EcoCCS1Comfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight2 stops
Kia EV4 Light FWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight3 stops
Kia Niro EV WindCCS1Comfortable1 stopTight1 stopTight2 stops
Subaru Solterra ConvenienceNACSComfortable1 stopTight1 stopNot recommended—
Kia EV9 Light RWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight2 stopsNot recommended—
Nissan LEAF SNACSComfortable1 stopTight2 stopsNot recommended—
Nissan Ariya SV FWDCCS1Comfortable1 stopTight2 stopsNot recommended—
Kia EV3 Light FWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight2 stopsNot recommended—
Kia EV5 Light FWDNACSComfortable1 stopTight3 stopsNot recommended—
MINI Countryman SE ALL4 ElementaryCCS1Comfortable1 stopTight3 stopsNot recommended—
Volkswagen ID.4 RWD 62 kWhCCS1Comfortable1 stopNot recommended—Not recommended—
MINI Cooper SE ClassicCCS1Tight1 stopNot recommended—Not recommended—
Fiat 500e BaseCCS1Not recommended—Not recommended—Not recommended—

Longest gaps between compatible fast chargers

Which chargers count depends on the plug and on Supercharger access, so the same road has four different gap maps. The three longest stretches for each group:

RankTeslaNACS-port (non-Tesla)CCS1 with Supercharger accessCCS1, no Supercharger access
1161 kmParry Sound → Sudbury161 kmParry Sound → Sudbury161 kmParry Sound → Sudbury161 kmParry Sound → Sudbury
255 kmPort Severn → Seguin55 kmPort Severn → Seguin55 kmPort Severn → Seguin79 kmColdwater → Seguin
338 kmBarrie → Coldwater38 kmBarrie → Coldwater38 kmBarrie → Coldwater38 kmBarrie → Coldwater

Fast chargers on Toronto to Sudbury

79 public DC fast-charging sites at 20 charging hubs within 5 km of the route, from the NRCan/AFDC station list (snapshot Oct 16, 2026). Pricing is shown as the network reports it. A listing is not a guarantee the charger works today.

SitekmNetworkPlugsDC portsMax kWLast confirmedPricing
Toronto, ON · km 0 · 70 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
ImPark - Citibank Building123 Front St W0IndependentCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Apr 12, 2021$24 per hour
Toronto, ON - Lakeshore Blvd W - Tesla Supercharger111 Princes' BoulevardOpen to other EVs0TeslaNACS12250Jun 18, 2026—
GreenP - CP36 - 110 Queen St W. - Fast Chargers100 Queen Street West0FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO350 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
AURA Lake Shore BLVD500 Lake Shore BLVD W0FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO244.8 / 44.8Oct 16, 2026—
Loblaws Bayview Village - Toronto2877 Bayview Ave0JuleCCS1, CHAdeMO4150 / 62.5Aug 12, 2025$1.00 connection fee; Price per minute based on vehicle demand; $0.40 per min @ 50 kW; $0.47 per min @ 100 kW; $0.55 per min @ 150 kW
GreenP - CP43 - 2 Church St - Fast Chargers West2 Church Street0FLOCCS12100Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP43 - 2 Church St - Fast Charger East2 Church St0FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
100 Queens Quay East - P1 Fast Chargers100 Queens Quay East0FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO250 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
GREENP CP53-001-FC803 Richmond Street West0ChargePointCCS1, CHAdeMO162 / 62.5Oct 16, 2026—
GREENP CP26-001-FC33 Queen Street East0ChargePointCCS1, CHAdeMO162 / 62.5Oct 16, 2026—
GREENP CP26-002-FC33 Queen St E0ChargePointCCS1, CHAdeMO140 / 40Oct 16, 2026—
C45065 Toronto EV548 Richmond St E0Shell RechargeCCS1, NACS4180 / 180Oct 16, 2026—
Porsche DealershipPolson Street0FLOCCS1220Oct 16, 2026—
ImPark - University Centre393 University AveLimited hours / customers only0IndependentCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Mar 4, 2022$5 first hour, $0.20 per min after first hour
Toronto, ON - Bay Street - Tesla Supercharger220 Yonge StreetTeslas only0TeslaNACS1675Jun 18, 2026—
FLO - Cadillac Fairview - Toronto Eaton Centre220 Yonge St (525 Bay & Dundas Parkade P2)0FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Lexington Condominiums South Side45 Carlton St.1FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO1100 / 100Oct 16, 2026—
King's College Circle Garage27 King's College CirRestricted access2JuleCCS1, CHAdeMO3150 / 75Aug 12, 2025$0.50 per kWh
ImPark175 Bloor St E2IndependentCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Apr 12, 2021Free
GreenP - CP107 - 251 MacPherson Ave- Fast Charger251 Macpherson Avenue4FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP93 - 675 Manning Ave - Fast Charger675 Manning Avenue5FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP130 - 7 Bartlett Ave - Fast Charger7 Bartlett Avenue5FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP29 - 75 Holly St - Fast Charger75 Holly St6FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP41 - 7 Norton Ave - Fast Charger7 Norton Avenue8FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP82 - 9 Emerson Ave - Fast Charger9 Emerson Avenue8FLOCCS1250Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP44 - 14 Fuller Ave - Fast Charger14 Fuller Avenue9FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP504 - 9 Willingdon Blvd - Fast Charger9 Willingdon Boulevard9FLOCCS1250Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP143 - 265 Willard Ave - Fast Charger265 Willard Avenue9FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
Toronto, ON · km 14 · 22 DC ports · CCS1, NACS
Toronto, ON - Lawrence Avenue West - Tesla Supercharger700 Lawrence Ave WOpen to other EVs14TeslaNACS20325Jun 18, 2026—
Yorkdale Volkswagen600 Wilson Ave14ChargelabCCS1124Oct 16, 2026—
GreenP - CP650 - 16 John St - Fast Charger16 John Street16FLOCCS1150Oct 16, 2026—
Etobicoke, ON · km 21 · 2 DC ports · CCS1
2687 Kipling2687 Kipling Ave21ChargelabCCS12101Oct 16, 2026—
Toronto, ON · km 23 · 2 DC ports · CCS1, CHAdeMO
TRCA HO LEVEL 3 - 15 Shoreham Dr23ChargePointCCS1, CHAdeMO162 / 62.5Oct 16, 2026—
TRCA HO LEVEL 3 - 25 Shoreham Drive23ChargePointCCS1, CHAdeMO162 / 62.5Oct 16, 2026—
Vaughan, ON · km 25 · 29 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
IKEA200 Interchange Way25IndependentCCS1, CHAdeMO250 / 50Dec 12, 2022Free
GM - Roy Foss GMC Woodbridge2 Auto Park Cir25Ev ConnectCCS1124Oct 16, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA CP 00959 - 13733 Highway 725Petro-CanadaCCS12200Oct 16, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA CP 00959 - 23733 Highway 725Petro-CanadaCCS12200Oct 16, 2026—
Vaughan, ON - Highway 7 - Tesla Supercharger3940 Hwy 7Open to other EVs25TeslaNACS16250Jun 18, 2026—
FLO - Canadian Tire - Woodbridge3850 Hwy 725FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO250 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Longo's Rutherford5283 Rutherford Rd28JuleCCS1, CHAdeMO4150 / 50Aug 12, 2025$0.48 per kWh
Concord, ON · km 29 · 25 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Concord, ON - Tesla Supercharger1 Bass Pro Mills DriveTeslas only29TeslaNACS20150Jun 18, 2026—
CircleK - Woodbridge, ON3650 Rutherford Rd29Couche TardCCS1, CHAdeMO4180 / 100Jul 15, 2026—
Maple Mercedes-Benz9300 Jane Street30FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO1100 / 100Oct 16, 2026—
Vaughan, ON · km 32 · 17 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Vaughan, ON - Major MacKenzie Drive West - Tesla Supercharger2911 Major MacKenzie Dr WOpen to other EVs32TeslaNACS16250Jun 18, 2026—
Alectra - 161 Cityview - Public (L3 -50kW)161 Cityview Blvd32FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
King City, ON · km 37 · 6 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
ONroute King City12001 ON-400 Northbound37IvyCCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO6100 / 100 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
King City, ON · km 41 · 3 DC ports · CCS1, NACS
Coppa's Fresh Market1700 King Rd41JuleCCS1, NACS3200 / 200Feb 13, 2026$0.48 per kWh
Cookstown, ON · km 72 · 8 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
AURA Tanger Cookstown3311 Simcoe Rd 8972FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO444.8 / 44.8Oct 16, 2026—
SuncorHighway 89 & 40072IndependentCCS1, CHAdeMO250 / 50Apr 13, 2022$0.33 per minute
PETRO-CANADA 10437 - 23535 Ontario 8972Petro-CanadaCCS1, NACS1160 / 160Oct 16, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA 10437-13535 Ontario 8972Petro-CanadaCCS1, NACS1160 / 160Oct 16, 2026—
Innisfil, ON · km 77 · 6 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
ONroute Innisfil6400 ON-40077IvyCCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO6100 / 100 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Innisfil, ON · km 82 · 2 DC ports · CCS1, CHAdeMO
C22425 Innisfil2098 Commerce Park Dr82Shell RechargeCCS1, CHAdeMO2180 / 100Oct 16, 2026—
Barrie, ON · km 87 · 21 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Barrie Nissan - DC630 Veterans Drive87FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO1100 / 100Oct 16, 2026—
Canadian Tire 444 (Barrie, ON)75 Mapleview Drive W87Electrify CanadaCCS1, CHAdeMO4350 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Barrie, ON - Tesla Supercharger100 Mapleview Drive EastTeslas only88TeslaNACS8150Jun 18, 2026—
ONroute Barrie201 Fairview Rd89IvyCCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO8100 / 50 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Barrie, ON · km 96 · 24 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Barrie, ON - Bayfield Street - Tesla Supercharger450 Bayfield StTeslas only96TeslaNACS20150Jun 18, 2026—
Suncor185 Ferris Ln97IndependentCCS1250Mar 7, 2025—
PETRO-CANADA B 01446 - 1175 Cundles Road East97Petro-CanadaCCS1, CHAdeMO1350 / 75Oct 16, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA B 01446 - 2175 Cundles Road East97Petro-CanadaCCS1, CHAdeMO1350 / 75Oct 16, 2026—
Coldwater, ON · km 134 · 1 DC port · CCS1, CHAdeMO
Mount St Louis Moonstone Ski Resort - Smart DC24 Mt St Louis Rd W134FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO1100 / 100Oct 16, 2026—
Port Severn, ON · km 157 · 12 DC ports · NACS
Port Severn, ON - Tesla Supercharger35 Lone Pine RoadOpen to other EVs157TeslaNACS12250Jun 18, 2026—
Seguin, ON · km 213 · 3 DC ports · CCS1
Municipal Office - Lakeland EV Charging5 Humphrey Dr213Lakeland EvCCS13180Sep 12, 2025$0.62 per kWh
Parry Sound, ON · km 228 · 34 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Parry Sound30 Pine Dr228FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO250 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Parry Sound, ON - Tesla Supercharger292 Louisa StreetTeslas only228TeslaNACS8150Jun 18, 2026—
Parry Sound Rona121 Bowes St229IvyCCS1, CHAdeMO450 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Stockey Centre - Lakeland EV Charging2 Bay St229Lakeland EvCCS14180Sep 12, 2025$0.69 per kWh
Trestle Brewing - Lakeland EV Charging9 Great North Rd229Lakeland EvCCS1250Sep 12, 2025$20 per hour
Bobby Orr Community Centre - Lakeland EV Charging7-17 Mary St229Lakeland EvCCS14180Sep 12, 2025$0.69 per kWh
Hydro One121 Bowes St231IndependentCCS1250Sep 15, 2026—
Parry Sound, ON - Joseph Street - Tesla Supercharger70 Joseph StOpen to other EVs231TeslaNACS8325Jun 18, 2026—
Sudbury, ON · km 389 · 11 DC ports · CCS1, NACS, CHAdeMO
Southside Chevrolet Buick GMC - Fast Charger2601 Regent st389FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Sudbury, ON - Tesla Supercharger2416 Long Lake RdTeslas only391TeslaNACS8150Jun 18, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA B 34827 - 11810 Regent Street391Petro-CanadaCCS1, CHAdeMO1200 / 75Oct 16, 2026—
PETRO-CANADA B 34827 - 21810 Regent Street391Petro-CanadaCCS1, CHAdeMO1200 / 75Oct 16, 2026—
Greater Sudbury, ON · km 396 · 7 DC ports · CCS1, CHAdeMO
Crosstown Chevrolet Buick Cadillac GMC - Outdoor DC280 Falconbridge Road396FLOCCS1, CHAdeMO150 / 50Oct 16, 2026—
Sudbury Microtel Inn1338 Kingsway #1396IvyCCS1, CHAdeMO650 / 50Oct 16, 2026—

Questions

Do most EVs make the Toronto to Sudbury drive in winter?
In January (about −9 °C on average along the route), 50 of 53 EVs in our catalogue make it: 35 comfortably and 15 with a tight margin. In a −20 °C cold snap the count is 42 of 53. These are estimates from official range, ECCC climate normals and the NRCan/AFDC charger list, not road tests.
What is the longest gap between fast chargers from Toronto to Sudbury?
It depends on the plug. For CCS1 cars with Supercharger access, the longest stretch without a compatible DC fast charger is 161 km (Parry Sound → Sudbury). For Teslas it is 161 km (Parry Sound → Sudbury), for other NACS-port cars 161 km (Parry Sound → Sudbury), and for CCS1 cars without Supercharger access 161 km (Parry Sound → Sudbury).
How many charging stops does a Tesla Model Y RWD need from Toronto to Sudbury in January?
1 stop in our January estimate (comfortable), about 0:10 of charging on top of 5:20 of driving. Planned stops: Parry Sound.
Are there backup chargers along the Toronto to Sudbury route?
NRCan/AFDC lists 79 public DC fast-charging sites at 20 charging hubs within 5 km of the route, 1 of them with limited hours or customers-only access. In our January plan for the Tesla Model Y RWD, 1 of 1 stop has a compatible backup in reach. The data cannot say which chargers are working today, so check PlugShare or the network app before you leave.

More routes and winter guides

How the estimate works

What we model

  • Highway range = official NRCan range × 0.90 (steady 100–110 km/h) × the share of range kept at that temperature: 56% at −30 °C, 66% at −20 °C, 76% at −10 °C, 86% at 0 °C, 95% at 10 °C, 100% at 20 °C. Cars with a confirmed heat pump lose a quarter less (for example 75% instead of 66% at −20 °C). An unknown heat pump counts as none.
  • Temperature is the 1991–2020 ECCC daily mean for the month, averaged over 2–4 weather stations along the road. Cold snaps use a flat −20 °C or −30 °C.
  • You leave full and keep a 10% reserve, so the first leg can use 90% of range. Each later leg runs from 10% to 80% (70%). A trip is comfortable when every stretch uses at most 80% of that, tight when it works with less margin.
  • A charger fits when it has your car's plug and access: CCS1 sites need a CCS1 car or a carried adapter, Tesla Superchargers need a Tesla or a car with Supercharger access, "Teslas only" sites count only for Teslas. Restricted and limited-hours sites are never planned.
  • Stops are the fewest that work, counting the drive off the highway and back. Each stop gets the nearest other compatible hub that is reachable from the previous stop and still reaches the next one.
  • Charging cost uses the network's price from our public-charging table, plus 8% charging loss. Networks not in that table use a typical $0.45–$0.65/kWh. It leaves out the charge at home before you leave.

Not modelled

Wind, hills and mountain passes, snow on the road, winter tires, speeds above 110 km/h, passes that are colder than the route average, and chargers that are broken or busy. Charge times assume you navigate to the charger so the battery is preconditioned; without it, winter charging is much slower.

EV North estimates (no published source)

  • The temperature table, the heat-pump factor and the 0.90 highway factor. No highway winter test with a stated temperature and baseline was available to calibrate them.
  • Average DC power = min(90 % of charger kW, 55 % of the car's peak kW)
  • Unknown charger power assumed 50 kW; unknown car peak assumed 150 kW
  • Cold-charging slowdown ×1.10 at 0 °C, ×1.25 at −10 °C, ×1.40 at −20 °C, ×1.60 at −30 °C (with preconditioning)

Sources behind the model

Data sources